I’m guessing these are defensive berms left over from the Iran-Iraq War.
Since it hardly ever rains there, maybe they haven’t eroded away yet? Whatever this stuff is, it goes on and on for dozens of kilometers. An enormous amount of earth must have been moved.
Almost certainly. Those look like artillery pits to me. Sandbags or some other mechanical stabilization seems likely, as far as why they’re still there.
6 guns is a typical artillery battery. The fire direction center probably is the small bunker at the 10 o’clock position.
The ground in southern Iraq / Kuwait / Northern Saudi Arabia is so hard (the constant wind blew any soil or sand away long ago) that it’s nearly impossible to dig down, so defensive structures are built up. Effective against crappy Iranian equipment and tactics, but accurate American weapons and mobility picked those things apart in '91.