I think it’s more that Earth is a chaotic system, although the individual mechanisms are quite basic and well understood:
It’s true that there are negative feedback loops like more particulate matter in the atmosphere = less solar radiation reaching the surface = global cooling.
It’s also true that Carbon Dioxide absorbs infrared radiation coming from the ground (blackbody) hence “greenhouse effect”. More atmospheric CO2 = more greenhouse. You can measure this by global mean temperature versus insolation.
There may be some positive feedback loops such as global warming helps melt the permafrost, which releases methane, which drives global warming even higher as methane is even more potent as a “greenhouse gas” (although not as long lived, IIRC?). Anyway, that’s scary, because humans are notoriously bad at predicting things like this: if you had a chessboard and put a penny in the first square, two pennies in the second, four in the third, etc… following this pattern by the time you got to the end of the chessboard you would have trillions of dollars (thank you M. Night Shyamalan).
So… from my college-graduate level understanding, it’s sort of a question of ‘what loops are stronger’ in the near term, but in the long term things get very unpredictable a la chaos theory: how do the loops interplay?
You can also look at other discernible effects like whales showing up dead with plastic in their stomachs, great coral reef die-offs, weather catastrophes, and see that “it’s happening”:
The Amazon are more or less the lungs of the Earth: they produce something crazy like 1/5 of breathable O2. Like if that goes, breathing will become more difficult. This isn’t even touching on what this might do to the food web.
The ocean will absorb CO2 less efficiently as it warms, so there’s another positive feedback loop: atmospheric CO2 = more warming = ocean saying ‘no thanks, can’t take any more CO2’ = equals… more CO2 in the atmosphere.
So… it’s not like you are going to cook or ‘go up in blue smoke’ but you know there’s starvation… disease from poor nutrition… which is inconvenient because lack of biodiversity equals less useful medicine…
https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/podcast/2019/09/23/65-michael-mann-on-why-our-climate-is-changing-and-how-we-know/
It’s sort of like jumping off a bridge and then halfway down saying ‘well, so far so good’. I don’t think this is alarmist when talking about situations that could potentially result in some sort of Gibsonian “Jackpot” where 80% of the world’s population dies. We’re probably in the middle of the sixth great extinction. The last one took out the Dinos.